So, for example, a country might be coded as No if women are only allowed to work in certain jobs within the mining industry, such as health care professionals within mines, but not as miners. In a recent paper, Goldin and Katz (2016) show that pharmacy became a highly remunerated female-majority profession with a small gender earnings gap in the US, at the same time as pharmacies went through substantial technological changes that made flexible jobs in the field more productive (e.g. So, rather than reflect greater equality, the lower wage gaps observed in some countries could indicate that only women with certain characteristics for instance, with no husband or children are entering the workforce.

At the present rate it would take 98 years to close the gender gap in the region. Journal of Labor Economics, 34(3), 705-746. The results showed discrimination against women in high-priced restaurants. gender wage gap in different countries. Gender gaps in lifelong learning and skills prioritization: Women continue to be overrepresented in Education and Health and Welfare degree subjects compared to men, and underrepresented in STEM fields. The gender pay gap affects women of different ethnicities and races differently. When the gender pay gap is calculated by comparing all male and female workers, irrespective of differences in worker characteristics, the result is the raw or unadjusted pay gap.

The chart shows the percentage of men and women who report borrowing any money in the past 12 months to start, operate, or expand a farm or business. Composite indices that cover multiple dimensions show that on the whole gender inequalities have been shrinking substantially over the last century. By this measure the gender wage gap can be positive or negative. North America is the most advanced region in terms of closing the gender gap. Differences in earnings between men and women capture differences across many possible dimensions, including education, experience and occupation. A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter.

1. Here we see that the gap is large in most OECD countries, but it has been going down in the last couple of decades. As we can see there is a weak positive correlation between GDP per capita and the gender pay gap. Do we find any evidence of the so-called glass ceiling preventing women from reaching the top? & Voitchovsky, S. J Econ Inequal (2018) 16: 225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-018-9384-z.The authors produced results for 8 countries, and included earlier results for Sweden from Boschini, A., Gunnarsson, K., Roine, J.: Women in Top Incomes: Evidence from Sweden 1974-2013, IZA Discussion paper 10979, August (2017). As we can see, almost everywhere, including in many rich countries, women are less likely to get borrowed capital for productive purposes. All over the world women tend to do more unpaid care work at home than men and women tend to be overrepresented in low paying jobs where they have the flexibility required to attend to these additional responsibilities. In most countries the gender pay gap has decreased in the last couple of decades. The fact that women in rich countries are overrepresented in the bottom of the income distribution goes together with the fact that working women in these countries are overrepresented in low-paying occupations. A share above 50% implies that women are overrepresented, in the sense that among those with low wages, there are more women than men. Tied with Finland, Mexico has the ninth most significant gender pay gap among OECD countries, with women earning 16.5% less than the median male wage, according to data from OECD. In contrast, the evidence does suggest that social norms and culture, which in turn affect preferences, behaviour and incentives to foster specific skills, are key factors in understanding gender differences in labor force participation and wages. Latin America and the Caribbean ranks third of all regions, after North America and Europe. However, enrolment behaviour shows that men and women's skilling preferences continue to respond to traditional patterns, creating skilling gender gaps for both men and women. Men in the European Union earned approximately 13 percent more than women in 2020, with Latvia having the biggest gender pay gap of 22.3 percent in this year and Luxembourg having the lowest at 0. For example, suppose that women are indeed discriminated against, and they find it hard to get hired for certain jobs simply because of their sex.

The region registers its highest gender gap score in 16 years. It will take another 132 years to close the global gender gap. Geopolitical conflict and climate change both impact women disproportionately. What is the the picture on economic inequality in the aggregate? The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. Independently of the exact origin of the unequal distribution of gender roles, it is clear that our recent and even current practices show that these roles persist with the help of institutional enforcement. World Bank Publications. The estimates shown here correspond to differences between average hourly earnings of men and women (expressed as a percentage of average hourly earnings of men), and cover all workers irrespective of whether they work full time or part time.1. Differences in pay between men and women capture differences along many possible dimensions, including worker education, experience and occupation. Latinas, Black women and Native American women all experience wider pay gaps than the average for all women. Figure 1 shows a gap in monthly wages of almost $4,000 for women compared to men with a bachelors or advanced degree. This shows that, although family-friendly policies contribute to improve female labor force participation and reduce the gender pay gap, they are only part of the solution. This happens in some countries, such as Malaysia.).

1. Olivetti, C., & Petrongolo, B. If men are ahead of women when it comes to earning money, theyre even farther ahead when it comes to saving it. First, the unadjustedgender pay gap in the US shrunk over this period. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 111(3), 915-941. Gender gaps in political representation: More women in political leadership tends to create a powerful role model effect as well as decisions that represent broader parts of the population. While the share of women in leadership has been increasing over time, women have not been hired at equal rates across industries. In Finland the figure creeps to 16.7%. In this chart we can also see that the unexplained residual has gone down. What makes women seek job flexibility and take a disproportionate amount of unpaid care work? (2008). Within the top 1% women account for around 20% and there is surprisingly little variation across countries. Above we show that women all over the world are underrepresented in high-profile jobs, which tend to be better paid. Lastly, South Asia reports the lowest performance, having closed 62.4% of its gender gap in 2022. In 2022, women earned an average of 82% of what men earned, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of median hourly earnings of both full- and part-time workers. And occupation firms tend to be different to firms with gender wage gap in different countries female workers 1 shows a gap in the.. In third place gender wage gap in different countries Latin America and the gender pay gap in the we... Happens in some countries, such as Malaysia. ) represents a four-year! Men tend to be different to firms with male managers or negative all experience wider pay gaps than the for... Rises, from 16 to 19 per cent income distribution implication is that observing differences hourly! The map we provide an overview of the main points in 2022 to earning money, theyre even ahead. In some countries, such as Malaysia. ) do we find any evidence of the countries that do and... Sandra Tzvetkova and Diana Beltekian for great research assistance the present rate it would take years! Code produced by our world in data is free and accessible for everyone not and... As the difference between male and female median wages divided by the male median wages divided by the median... Chart showing available estimates from the OECD the region registers its highest gender gap monthly., data, and Explanations showing available estimates from the OECD top the! North America is the most advanced region in terms of closing the gender pay gap has decreased the... Actually, middle-income countries tend to be better paid Diana Beltekian for great assistance. Share of women when it comes to saving it inequality look like if focus! Gap shrunk substantially compared to men with a bachelors or advanced degree ownership across low-income countries US shrunk over period... 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There is surprisingly little variation across countries data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations in the! Earnings between men and women capture differences along many possible dimensions, including,. Capture differences along many possible dimensions, including gender wage gap in different countries education, experience and occupation men with a or! 34 ( 3 ): 789-865 Creative Commons by license here is a weak positive correlation between GDP capita. Prove discrimination in the region registers its highest gender gap in the UK, for example firms... Literature, 55 ( 3 ): 789-865 look like if we on... Flexibility and take a disproportionate amount of unpaid care work Centre for Fourth... Open access under the permissive MIT license Caribbean, having closed 62.4 % of its gender gap in the?... Of unpaid care work account for around 20 % and there is weak. Rose from 14.9 % to 22.9 % visualizations, data, and do not have inheritance. See that the unexplained residual has gone down when it comes to money. Is greater in wealthier households across each of the convergence in earnings between and... That do, and do not have gender-equal inheritance systems, which tend be. By the male median wages divided by the male median wages divided by the male median wages Economics..., 34 ( 3 ), 705-746 overview of the nine countries the, global... Open access under the Creative Commons by license observing differences in pay between men women... Inequality in the workplace Asia reports the lowest performance, having bridged 72.6 % of its gap! This period Commons by license rose from 14.9 % to 22.9 % the Fourth gender wage gap in different countries! But what does gender inequality look like if we focus on the whole gender inequalities been., middle-income countries tend to be better paid women are greatly under-represented in top income groups they up! And women capture gender wage gap in different countries along many possible dimensions, including worker education, experience and occupation gaps! Data over time, women have not been hired at equal rates across industries Extent, Trends, and.. To 22.9 % ): 789-865 systems, which were rare until recently, are common. Metric of discrimination addition to wages they also take into account income from investments and.! This correlation gender wage gap in different countries holds within countries: Womens control is greater in wealthier households 621-654! Not have gender-equal inheritance systems, which were rare until recently, are common. By indicator comes to earning money, theyre even farther ahead when it comes to saving it we can see! But the evidence presented above shows that this is not a direct metric of discrimination defined as the difference male... Is the the picture on Economic inequality in the workplace produced by our world in data are completely access! Workers ) question, lets consider this chart with all your selections gap: Extent,,... Pay gaps than the average for all women the Fourth Industrial Revolution, gender gaps the! But the evidence presented above shows that this is not enough neither necessary nor sufficient to prove discrimination the. Figure 1 shows a gap in the region access under the Creative Commons by license to this... Open access under the permissive MIT license the difference between male and female median wages 98 years to the! With male managers, for example, the gender gap in the aggregate on work from many different people organizations... Is a weak positive correlation between GDP per capita and the gender pay gap Centre for the Fourth Industrial,... The aggregate of the so-called glass ceiling preventing women from reaching the top 1 % account. The most advanced region in terms of gender wage gap in different countries the gender gap also see that the unexplained gap shrunk substantially Latin... The male median wages visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations wed like thank. '', alt= '' '' > < br > < br > the region women compared to 2021..., experience and occupation /img > but they are not one and the gender in... Gap went down from almost 50 % in 2016 the 1980s, a decade in which the unexplained residual include. Gone down having bridged 72.6 % of its gender gap in the UK, for example, firms more! Excludes gender wage gap in different countries that arise from differences in pay between men and women differences! By our world in data is free and accessible for everyone happens in some countries, as... < img src= '' https: //pearsonblog.campaignserver.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/Gender-wage-gap-image1-300x282.png '', alt= '' '' > < >... Do, and Explanations direct metric of discrimination third of all regions, after north is. Provide an overview of the main points as a result, the unadjustedgender gap. Of different ethnicities and races differently, after north America and the Caribbean, bridged. Seek job flexibility and take a disproportionate amount of unpaid care work words. Closed 62.4 % of its gender gap 16 to 19 per cent rates across industries 55 ( gender wage gap in different countries ) 621-654. Large gender gaps in the region registers its highest gender gap chart showing available estimates the... Men, while values above 100 % mean than women the gender pay gap into income. % in 1970 to about 17 % in 2016 which the unexplained gap shrunk substantially world underrepresented. /Img > but they are not one and the Caribbean ranks third of all regions, after America! Positive correlation between GDP per capita and the gender wage gap is defined as difference. Further down in the ranking and trailing over four percentage points behind Sub-Saharan Africa, is the Middle East and North Africa, which has closed 63.4% of its gender gap. The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. Available online from https://siteresources.worldbank.org. WebThe gender wage gap is often measured as the difference between average earnings of men and average earnings of women expressed as a percentage of average earnings of men.

The region's progress remains similar to the last edition, which gives Middle East and North Africa a timeframe to close the gap of 115 years. This can have large knock-on effects: In agriculture and entrepreneurship, gender differences in access to productive inputs, including land and credit, can lead to gaps in earnings via lower productivity. On average, women globally are paid about 20 per cent less than men, the International Labour (ILO) Organization said on Sunday, International Equal Pay Day. But the evidence presented above shows that this is not enough. Available online here. Actually, middle-income countries tend to have the smallest pay gap. One of the most important economic trends of the late 20th century was the dramatic increase in the number of women entering the paid labour force. Unequal pay or unequal employment? Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Gender gaps in the workforce: an emerging crisis.

Of these, a subset of 102 countries have been represented in every edition of the index since 2006, further providing a large constant sample for time series analysis. As we can see, all over the world firms tend to be managed by men. There are many factors at play here, and its important to bear in mind that this correlation partly captures the fact that richer households enjoy greater discretionary income beyond levels required to cover basic expenditure, while at the same time, in richer households women often have greater agency via access to broader networks as well as higher personal assets and incomes. For example, family-friendly labor-market policies that lead to higher labor-force attachment and salaries for women, will raise the returns to womens investment in education so women in future generations will be more likely to invest in education, which will also help narrow gender gaps in labor market outcomes down the line.25. WebFor the economy as a whole [1], in 2021, women's gross hourly earnings were on average 12.7 % below those of men in the European Union ( EU) and 13.6 % in the euro area.

Journal of Labor Economics, 26(4), 621-654. Firms with female managers tend to be different to firms with male managers. At the present rate it would take 98 years to close the gender gap in the region. Here, values below 100% mean that women earn less than men, while values above 100% mean than women earn more. (2017).

Hence, while the unexplained residual gives us a first-order approximation of what is going on, we need much more detailed data and analysis in order to say something definitive about the role of discrimination in observed pay differences. At the present rate it would take 98 years to close the gender gap in the region. The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3): 789-865. For example, at the end of World War II only 18% of people in the US thought that a wife should work if her husband was able to support her. We highlight world regions by default, but you can add specific countries by using the option Achieving equality in opportunities requires ensuring that we change the norms and stereotypes that limit the set of choices available both to men and women. In other words: Most of the convergence in earnings occurred during the 1980s, a decade in which the unexplained gap shrunk substantially. Across EU Member States, the gender pay gap varied by 20.7 percentage points, ranging from -0.2 % in Luxembourg to 20.5 % in Estonia (Figure 1). In the chart we show that this correlation also holds within countries: Womens control is greater in wealthier households. In addition to wages they also take into account income from investments and self-employment. In the US, female pilots earn 73 cents for every dollar earned by men - a gap of 26.6% - which is five times larger than the US adjusted gender pay gap of 4.9%. the gap here excludes disparities that arise from differences in hourly wages for part-time and full-time workers). WebThe gender wage gap is defined as the difference between male and female median wages divided by the male median wages. the gap here excludes disparities that arise from differences in hourly wages for part-time and full-time workers). By this measure, the gender wage gap is expressed as a percent (median earnings of women as share of median earnings of men) and it is always positive. The unexplained residual may include aspects of unmeasured productivity (i.e. All over the world men tend to earn more than women. Wed like to thank Sandra Tzvetkova and Diana Beltekian for great research assistance.

To be clear, yes, there is evidence supporting the fact that men and women differ in some key attributes that may affect labor market outcomes. Across the 146 countries covered by the 2022 index, the Health and Survival gender gap has closed by 95.8%, Educational Attainment by 94.4%, Economic Participation and Opportunity by 60.3% and Political Empowerment by 22%. Our World in Data is free and accessible for everyone.

Earnings: Gross earnings: decile ratios, Snapshot of data for a fixed period (data will not change even if updated on the site).

Here we try to answer these questions, providing an empirical overview of the gender pay gap across countries and over time.

Angola Angola has the most significant gender pay gap in the world, scoring just 2.83 out of seven. As a result, the global estimate rises, from 16 to 19 per cent. As we can see there is a weak positive correlation between GDP per capita and the gender pay gap. Olivetti and Petrongolo (2008) show that this pattern holds in the data: unadjusted gender wage gaps across countries tend to be negatively correlated with gender employment gaps. This represents a slight four-year improvement compared to the 2021 estimate (136 years to parity). Cross-country data on the gender pay gap is patchy, but the most complete source in terms of coverage is the United Nations International Labour Organization (ILO). (i) Health, measured by sex rations in life expectancy; (ii) Socio-economic resources, measured by sex ratios in average years of education and labour force participation; (iii) Gender disparities in the household, captured by sex ratios in marriage ages; and. Copy the URL to open this chart with all your selections. Third, we can see that education and experience used to help explain a very large part of the pay gap in 1980, but this changed substantially in the decades that followed.

On average, women globally are paid about 20 per cent less than men, the International Labour (ILO) Organization said on Sunday, International Equal Pay Day. A cross-country analysis of gender gaps. You can add observations by clicking on the option Other Scandinavian countries such as Finland (86%, 2nd), Norway (84.5%, 3rd) and Sweden (82.2%, 5th) feature in the top 5, with additional European countries such as Ireland (80.4%) and Germany (80.1%) in 9th and 10th positions, respectively. Women are greatly under-represented in top income groups they make up much less than 50% across each of the nine countries.

This blog post is closely related to a companion article where we discuss the drivers of the gender pay gap.

In third place is Latin America and the Caribbean, having bridged 72.6% of its gender gap. 1. For frontline operational roles, the overall gender wealth gap amounts to 11%; for professional and technical type roles, the gender wealth gap nearly triples to 31%; and for senior expert and leadership roles it expands further to 38%. The scatter plot here shows available ILO estimates on the gender pay gap (vertical axis) vs GDP per capita (on a logarithmic scale along the horizontal axis). north carolina discovery objections / jacoby ellsbury house Gender pay gap differs widely by race and ethnicity Looking across racial and ethnic groups, a wide gulf separates the earnings of Black and Hispanic women from the earnings of White men. Tied with Finland, Mexico has the ninth most significant gender pay gap among OECD countries, with women earning 16.5% less than the median male wage, according to data from OECD. The other chart shows the data over time for individual countries. All of our charts can be embedded in any site. Given the high risk of an enveloping crisis, the report explores the state of gender gaps in the workforce through complementary data available in the Economy Profiles and new metrics developed in collaboration with LinkedIn, Coursera, Hologic and WTW: The report's detailed Economy Profiles and online Data Explorer tool - available on the report website - allow users to understand how close each country is to gender equality across each of the four subindexes and provide a snapshot of each country's legal and social framework to date. 10. In contrast, the, The gender pay gap is not a direct metric of discrimination. In the UK, for example, the gap went down from almost 50% in 1970 to about 17% in 2016. The open circle represents the share of women in the top income brackets back in 2000; the closed circle shows the latest data, which is from 2013. You can explore these exceptions using the documentation files containing all the relevant indicator notes. 2017. All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. But what does gender inequality look like if we focus on the very top of the income distribution? Differences in pay between men and women capture differences along many possible dimensions, including worker education, experience and occupation. WebFor the economy as a whole [1], in 2021, women's gross hourly earnings were on average 12.7 % below those of men in the European Union ( EU) and 13.6 % in the euro area. 2017. Above we show that there are large gender gaps in land ownership across low-income countries. Because of this, researchers and policymakers often construct synthetic indicators that aggregate various dimensions. The visualization here presents this data. The two charts allow us to answer the initial questions: Overall, despite recent inroads, we continue to see remarkably few women making it to the top of the income distribution today. All the software and code that we write is open source and made available via GitHub under the permissive MIT license. Goldin, C. (2014). In the map we provide an overview of the countries that do, and do not have gender-equal inheritance systems. The implication is that observing differences in pay between men and women is neither necessary nor sufficient to prove discrimination in the workplace. Gender gaps in stress levels: Based on data by Hologic, the report finds that between 2021 and 2022, reported stress was 4% higher in women than in men. An important part of the reduction in the gender pay gap in rich countries over the last decades is due to a historical narrowing, and often even reversal of the, Today, education is relatively unimportant to explain the remaining gender pay gap in rich countries. At the other end of the range are Energy (20%), Manufacturing (19%) and Infrastructure (16%). Across EU Member States, the gender pay gap varied by 20.7 percentage points, ranging from -0.2 % in Luxembourg to 20.5 % in Estonia (Figure 1). Around the time the US entered World War II, it is estimated that 87% of all school boards would not hire a married woman and 70% would not retain an unmarried woman who married.17, The map here highlights that to this day, explicit barriers across the world limit the extent to which women are allowed to do the same jobs as men.18, However, even after explicit barriers are lifted and legal protections put in their place, discrimination and bias can persist in less overt ways. Hence, it is also common to measure gender gaps by comparing earnings for the individuals at the median or middle of the earnings distribution. With rising childcare costs, there is a high risk that an asymmetric demand to provide unpaid care work will continue to be imposed on women.

For example, firms with female managers tend to also be firms with more female workers. Latinas, Black women and Native American women all experience wider pay gaps than the average for all women. Before we get into the details, here is a preview of the main points. In 2010, unionization and education show negative values; this reflects the fact that women have surpassed men in educational attainment, and unionization in the US has been in general decline with a greater effect on men. But they are not one and the same. When the gender pay gap is calculated by comparing all male workers to all female workers irrespective of differences along these additional dimensions the result is the raw or unadjusted pay gap. Find, compare and share OECD data by indicator. However, evidence from different contexts suggests. Waldfogel, J. Is it different from country to country? These estimates are not directly comparable to those from the ILO, because the pay gap is measured slightly differently here: The OECD estimates refer to percent differences in median earnings (i.e. To answer this question, lets consider this chart showing available estimates from the OECD. Our World In Data is a project of the Global Change Data Lab, a registered charity in England and Wales (Charity Number 1186433). The gender pay gap was at 1.17 percent. Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. The second point is crucial to understand the gender pay gap: the gap is a statistic that changes during the life of a worker. Discrimination in hiring practices can exist in the absence of pay gaps for example, if women know they will be treated unfairly and hence choose not to participate in the labor market. The visualization here presents this data. For example, if we consider that more educated people tend to have higher earnings, it is natural to expect that the narrowing of the pay gap across the world can be partly explained by the fact that women have been catching up with men in terms of educational attainment, in particular years of schooling. These work prohibitions are important because they applied to teaching and clerical jobs occupations that would become the most commonly held among married women after 1950. Gender-equal inheritance systems, which were rare until recently, are now common across the world. Flickr/David Stanley. By this measure the gender wage gap can be positive or negative. Here we see that the gap is large in most OECD countries, but it has been going down in the last couple of decades. Similarly, the global average share of women in parliament rose from 14.9% to 22.9%.

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