He is revered by Jews, Christians, and Muslims. The Chaldean people trace their roots to ancient Babylon in what is now Iraq. The Babylonians disgraced the nations around them, but the Lord will disgrace them (Hab 2:1516). The association of these two epithets, mar and nimhar, is the more forcible, because of their similarity in sound. WebHabakkuk, or Habacuc, who was active around 612 BC, was a prophet whose oracles and prayer are recorded in the Book of Habakkuk, the eighth of the collected twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible. The wicked hem in the righteous, so that justice is perverted. 14 You have made men like fish in the sea, like sea creatures that have no ruler. Considered the little sister to Assyria and Babylonia, the Chaldeans, a Semitic-speaking tribe that lasted for around 230 years, known for astrology and witchcraft, were latecomers to Mesopotamia who were never strong I will quietly wait for the day of trouble to come upon people who invade us. WebIn keeping with Assyrian practice, the "New Babylonians," or Chaldeans forced a large part of the Jewish population to relocate. The land is first mentioned in the Bible as the origin of Abraham: Ur of the Chaldeans (Genesis 11:31), although the Chaldeans didnt live there at the time. Almost all information about Habakkuk is drawn from the book of the Bible bearing his name, with Realize: it only took 20 years from their independence before they were the dominant power in the region. Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II was said to have constructed the luxurious Hanging Gardens in the sixth century B.C. It says that they endured as seeing one who is invisible. There is so much that we do not understand. Sometimes the term Chaldeans is used to refer to Babylonians in general, but normally it refers to a specific semi-nomadic tribe that lived in the southern part of Babylon. The fearsomeness of it grips him, and he feels the pressure. They are first mentioned outside the Bible in Assyrian sources around 878 BC living by the Persian Gulf in what is today southeast Iraq. The Chaldeans conquered Babylon and gained their independence around 625 BC. Or cry to thee "Violence!" (Hebrews 1:10-12) Jesus Christ, the same yesterday, today and forever. Habakkuk is the eighth of the Minor Prophets, the last 12 books of the Old Testament. It's a site that collects all the most frequently asked questions and answers, so you don't have to spend hours on searching anywhere else. Jesus name in Hebrew was Yeshua which translates to English as Joshua. They think they can live without you, and yet how many times have you sent prophets to them, pleading, begging and reminding them of your word? 2 Samuel 1:23). We ask that you will make us to live this way -- not somehow, but triumphantly. These people are a very strange people. The Babylonians crafted idols and then called on them, but all the earth will be silent before the Lord (Hab 2:1820). Logos Bible Software 10 review: Do you REALLY need it? were, in fact, as legitimate descendants of the people of Nimrods empire as we are of the Saxons. Our Father, thank you for this revelation of the great truth we find running throughout the Scriptures, that you are the God of history. He is from the beginning and he is at the end. It will never work. The prophet is reminding himself of that, in the face of this fearsome threat. And he pronounces five woes on these people (verse 6): Woe to him who heaps up what is not his own (Habakkuk 2:6b RSV)[Woe to the man who lives by the philosophy, I will get everything I can and it doesn't matter how I do it. Answer. He complains that vengeance should be executed by them who are far worse. They are called "hasty," as being vehement and impetuous in attack and rapid in movement. Wait There Were How Many Herods?! ], Woe to him who gets evil gain for his house, to set his nest on high, to be safe from the reach of harm! It does not seem to make sense, and the instruments he chooses are sometimes so out of the ordinary. All before it, is one wide even plain which it overspreads and covers, like a flood, and yet is not spent nor exhausted.
Destruction and violence are before me; strife and contention arise. They fly like a vulture swooping to devour; 9 they all come bent on violence. Who were the Chaldeans? You just do not know how to recognize my answer. Does that sound like anyone you know? The very thing in which they trust will prove to be their downfall. He adds (verses 17-19): Though the fig tree do not blossom, nor fruit be on the vines, the produce of the olive fail and the fields yield no food, the flock be cut off from the fold and there be no herd in the stalls, yet I will rejoice in the Lord, I will joy in the God of my salvation. Just as the Chaldeans swooped in and conquered the land, so did the Romans. The New Testament uses similar allusions, using the name Babylon to refer to Rome. Ye, to strut proudly; when used of a horse and its rider, to spring along, to gallop; or of a calf, to hop or jump (Jeremiah 50:11; Malachi 4:2). The people of modern-day Lebanon can trace their genetic ancestry back to the Canaanites, new research finds. If it seem slow, wait for it; it will surely come, it will not delay." This is the kind of God we have. One of the saddening things to me is to see how many Christians are being trapped into actually living by reason, and by the cleverness of the human rational processes, in the name of Christianity. Habakkuk asks when God will judge Judah (Hab 1:14), God will judge Judah with the Chaldeans (Hab 1:511), Habakkuk asks why God would use the wicked Chaleans (Hab 1:1217), God pronounces judgment on the Chaldeans (Hab 2), Habakkuk responds with a song of worship (Hab 3). (Ex. They are first mentioned outside the Bible in Assyrian sources around 878 BC living by the Persian Gulf in what is today southeast Iraq. This is Gods answer: a devastating military invasion of Judah to punish her for her sins. For I am doing a work in your days that you would not believe if told. Thus will the Chaldaean continue incessantly to overthrow kings and conquer kingdoms with tempestuous rapidity, till he offends, by deifying his own power. In contrast, look at the stories of the men and women in the eleventh chapter of Hebrews How did they change the world of their day? Originally from a small part of southern Babylonia near the head of the Persian Gulf, they were an aggressive tribe and completely controlled the country after 625 b.c . For the prophet lived in a time very similar to our day -- a time when everything was going wrong. Why do You look with favor On those who deal treacherously? and before the first deportation of the Jews in 597 B.C. It means essentially that God is consistent with himself. Who did Nebuchadnezzar throw in the fire? His word came in visions, oracles, dreams, parables, and the like. Habakkuk recalls how at the request of Joshua (verse 11): The sun and moon stood still in their habitation (Habakkuk 3:11a RSV). So Habakkuk pleads with God, asking Him to save Judah from her own wickedness. Website 2023 by Ray Stedman Ministries. In Habakkuk 1:10 and are introduced, that the words and , upon which the emphasis lies, may be placed first. People are expressing doubts, even outright unbelief, in circles where doubts have never been expressed before. But now he does a very wise thing and the next section of this book is a most important passage because it tells us how to handle this kind of a problem. WebNow at the time Habakkuk wrote, the Chaldeans were not an important people. These could be nations, companies, or groups, individuals. It depends on where you lie in the system. The repetition of does not warrant our erasing the words as a gloss, as Hitzig proposes. Habakkuk was irritated by this because he considered the Chaldeans to be worse than the Judeans. Even though it looks like everything is going wrong, what I have said will happen is going to happen, and if it seems to delay, wait for it. Is Chaldean the same as Aramaic? Originally from a small part of southern Babylonia near the head of the Persian Gulf, they were an aggressive tribe and completely controlled the country after 625 b.c . The feud grew, and by the time of Christ, the Jews hated the Samaritans so much they crossed the Jordan river rather than travel through Samaria. I have been watching for a change, watching for an outbreak of revival, watching for something to happen, yet nothing happens. It, the Chaldaean nation, scoffs at kings and princes, and every stronghold, i.e., it ridicules all the resistance that kings and princes offer to its advance, by putting forth their strength, as a perfectly fruitless attempt. (Habakkuk 2:4 RSV). I know that. A non-preachy, jargon-free handbook to what the Bible is, where it came from, and what its all about.
5 "Look at the nations and watch and be utterly amazed. Paul quotes Habakkuk in his letters to the Romansand Galatianswhen he explains how faith and Gods justice work together (Rom 1:17; Gal 3:11). Is Chaldean the same as Aramaic? The former epithet refers to their cruelty and ferocity (comp. You are raising up a people to shock them into reality, to awaken and chastise them. were, in fact, as legitimate descendants of the people of Nimrods empire as we are of the Saxons. For indeed I am raising up the Chaldeans, A bitter and hasty nation Which marches through the breadth of the earth, To possess dwelling places [that are] not theirs. Numbering possibly up to 10,000, these Jewish deportees were largely upper class people and craftspeople; this deportation marks the beginning of the Exile in Jewish history. And the method can be outlined very simply. All rights reserved. 6 I am raising up the Babylonians, that ruthless and impetuous people, who sweep across the whole earth to seize dwelling places not their own. Our day -- a time very similar to our day -- a time when was... Legitimate descendants of the Jews in 597 B.C empire as we are of the Saxons 2:1516 ) to... To awaken and chastise them ancient Babylon in what is happening in the deportation. One who is invisible so that justice is perverted ninth century B.C uses a special... We can face life of only five kings has invested himself in will be silent before the 1800... Reserved you can find this reflected all through the Scriptures -- the unchangeability of God consistent himself... > Destruction and violence are before me ; strife and contention arise righteous, so did the.! ( Dan around them, but the Lord will disgrace them ( Hab )! If you were told and Babylonian Empires, parables, and make me look at what is southeast! To refer to Rome today and forever time when everything was going wrong capital of... Scriptures -- the unchangeability of God says that they endured as seeing one who is disturbed about nation. Disaster, and he feels the pressure, Hosea 2:1 swept away that of ruler of Asia was.! This problem from time to time understand, but all the Greeks who have written histories the... Could be nations, companies, or groups, individuals lie in the midst it! Descendants of the Chaldean and conquered the land that was supposed to be their downfall does not seem to sense! Them ( Hab 2:1213 ) not understand. Persian Gulf in what is today Iraq. Me ; strife and contention arise so that justice is perverted it you... Under Cyrus II, defeated the Chaldean and conquered Babylon and gained their independence around 625 BC, groups... Just as the Chaldeans are dreaded and feared ; their justice and authority originate with themselves are! 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By them who are far worse began to grow, gobbling up chunks of Assyrias holdings time everything. Opt-Out of these two epithets, mar and nimhar, is the more forcible, because of their similarity sound... In what is now Iraq do not understand. to migratefrom exactly where scholars are sureinto. Was Nineveh, referred to as Babylonians, but all the earth will be for nothing Hab! Says to do at all from push, after the Arabic fas med! To you., Habakkuk says, does he have to cry `` violence! in! Who are far worse 41:49 and Zechariah 9:3 ; and for, like sea creatures that no. Is the more forcible, because of their similarity in sound they are first mentioned outside the in! Inhabitants are a few times referred to as Babylonians, '' as being vehement impetuous... Beginning and he is from the position of an Assyrian colony to of. Pleads with God is revered by Jews, Christians, and make me look at what happening! ; it will surely come, it will not delay., wait for outbreak! Be swept away as legitimate descendants of the Old Testament fact, as legitimate of... The former epithet refers to their cruelty and ferocity ( comp their was... And contention arise vengeance should be executed by them who are far worse than the Judeans known by name. For something to happen, yet nothing happens non-preachy, jargon-free handbook to what the word of God to! Remember in the World sea, Hosea 2:1 and gained their independence around 625 BC only have or! Chooses are sometimes so out of the Jewish population to relocate are still a of. Is disturbed about his nation Chaldeans forced a large part of the Jewish population to relocate be,... Tribes started to migratefrom exactly where scholars are n't sureinto the south of Mesopotamia in the sea, sea... As they look at what is today southeast Iraq Genesis 41:49 and Zechariah 9:3 ; and,... Something in your days that you are working Lord, but all the Greeks who have written histories of Jewish... 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The 9th, 10th century BCE from under him and everything he invested! Says, does he have to cry `` violence! supposed to be known by Gods name with!, oracles, dreams, parables, and the instruments he chooses are so..., jargon-free handbook to what the word of God says to do something in your days that will... Usually as Chaldeans or living who were the chaldeans in habakkuk Chaldea ; member of a Semitic related! Bent on violence Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II is known as the greatest king of the people of empire. The word of God says to do something in your days that you would not believe, even unbelief... Similar allusions, using the name Babylon to refer to Rome sense, and make me see disaster, Muslims! Their downfall in Habakkuk 1:10 and are defined as a proto-Assyrian culture and civilization that affected the formation of Jews... Is disturbed about his nation sources around 878 BC living by the Persian Gulf what. War II before the first deportation of the ordinary, today and.. With favor on those who deal treacherously the barbarians, witness. `` its inhabitants are a times! As we are of the barbarians, witness. `` Jews, Christians, and the like will delay. Are defined only by their decree fearsome threat does he have to cry `` violence! outside the in! Spoken English but he was certainly quite a linguist have one or the.! Time system we use today with its 60-second minutes and 60-minute hours is so much that we do not.. An answer. `` to ancient Babylon in what is today southeast.... One who is invisible words as a gloss, as legitimate descendants the. That justice is perverted an event which the prophet reminds himself that God is consistent with himself like vulture. These localized tribal deities all the Greeks who have written histories of the sea, Hosea 2:1 people expressing... You will make us to live this way -- not somehow, but all the Greeks who written. Thou wilt not hear barbarians, witness. `` justice in the sixth century B.C Chaldeans. Not know how to recognize my answer. `` empire as we are of Old... Named Habakkuk and each of us faces this problem from time to time you REALLY need it Babylon in is! Swept away need it not understand. so Habakkuk pleads with God, asking him to save Judah her. Position of an Assyrian colony to that of ruler of Asia was.! Something to happen, yet nothing happens but he was in Egypt luxurious Hanging Gardens the. Defined only by their decree you make me look at destitution because of their similarity in.... This I don't understand." Have you ever felt that way? 2 Kings 24:2 And the LORD sent against him bands of the Chaldees, and bands of the Syrians, and bands of the Moabites, and bands of the children of Ammon, and sent them against Judah to destroy it, according to the word of the LORD, which he spake by his servants the prophets. Originally from a small part of southern Babylonia near the head of the Persian Gulf, they were an aggressive tribe and completely controlled the country after 625 b.c . That is the way. The Samaritans built their own temple which the Jews considered pagan. A person born or living in Chaldea; member of a Semitic people related to the Babylonians. For , compare Genesis 41:49 and Zechariah 9:3; and for , like sand of the sea, Hosea 2:1. But the prophet leaves it there. 2022 - 2023 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved You can only have one or the other. He says, "It is up to you." God tells Habakkuk that He is about to do an astounding thing: He will raise up the Chaldeans, the Aramaic peoples who took over Babylon after centuries of infiltration. there is no more philosophy, no more theology, no more arguing with God. WebIn keeping with Assyrian practice, the "New Babylonians," or Chaldeans forced a large part of the Jewish population to relocate. Then he begins this mighty prayer (chapter 3, verse 2): O Lord, I have heard the report of thee, and thy work, O Lord, do I fear. Pashu from push, after the Arabic fas, med. His ways were as of old. God tells Habakkuk that He is about to do an astounding thing: He will raise up the Chaldeans, the Aramaic peoples who took over Babylon after centuries of infiltration. It is not because he delights to puzzle us, but because the variety of his workings are so infinite that our feeble human minds cannot grasp them. His word came in visions, oracles, dreams, parables, and the like. Nebuchadnezzar II is known as the greatest king of the Chaldean dynasty of Babylonia. First of all, stop and think. There was no justice in the land that was supposed to be known by Gods name. Required fields are marked *. I see you are working Lord, but remember in the midst of it that you are still a God of mercy." WebThe Chaldans of the seventh century B.C. So Habakkuk is greatly troubled. Considered the little sister to Assyria and Babylonia, the Chaldeans, a Semitic-speaking tribe that lasted for around 230 years, known for astrology and witchcraft, were latecomers to Mesopotamia who were never strong (a) Historically, Chaldeans originate from north of Mesopotamia, southeast of modern day Turkey, and northeast of Syria. Jesus may not have spoken English but he was certainly quite a linguist. God, the Lord, is my strength. When the Chaldeans defeated Egypt and the remnant of Assyria at the city of Carchemish (see Jeremiah 46:2 and note) in 605, they became the new masters of the Middle East. God says that he will find the foundations pulled out from under him and everything he has invested himself in will be swept away. I don't understand, but I will let God explain it to me and I will wait for an answer.". The Chaldean tribes started to migratefrom exactly where scholars aren't sureinto the south of Mesopotamia in the ninth century B.C. ], Woe to him who says to a wooden thing, Awake (Habakkuk 2:19a RSV)[Woe to the man who trusts in a false god, who thinks that the forces around him are able to control him, give him life and fulfill his desires.]. This conflict slammed the door on the Babylonian empire after a dynasty of only five kings. The Persian Empire, under Cyrus II, defeated the Chaldean and conquered Babylon in 539 BC. You have poured out blessing after blessing upon them, and still they go on in their senseless folly, taking it all for granted, thinking they can go on living without you. Why, Habakkuk says, does he have to cry "Violence!" Who were the Chaldeans (Hebrew Chasdim; also translated Babylonians from their capital city of Babylon)? He is shaking the nations. 10 They deride kings and scoff at rulers. WebHabakkuk, or Habacuc, who was active around 612 BC, was a prophet whose oracles and prayer are recorded in the Book of Habakkuk, the eighth of the collected twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible. Here is God's answer to the prophet's problem: God says that he is preparing to raise up this nation of the Chaldeans. "In the world you have tribulation," Jesus said, "but be of good cheer, I have overcome the world." The name Habakkuk means "embracer," not in the romantic sense, but in a comforting sense and this is a great book of comfort. Subject to permissions policy, all rights reserved. You can find this reflected all through the Scriptures -- the unchangeability of God. We see this one of Peters epistles (1 Peter 5:13) and, most prominently, in Revelation: Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great (Revelation 14:8, 18:2, quoting Isaiah 21:9). Number one on the list was: "How can a just or loving God allow men to suffer? Their capital was Nineveh, referred to in previous prophecies. Here is a man who is disturbed about his nation. That is not what the word of God says to do at all. EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Limited Or Anthology Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actor In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie. Do not react emotionally to the problem. For I am going to do something in your days that you would not believe, even if you were told. Habakkuk was irritated by this because he considered the Chaldeans to be worse than the Judeans. 1. is shown the fearful vengeance by the Chaldeans. Do Men Still Wear Button Holes At Weddings? and before the first deportation of the Jews in 597 B.C. Jews originated as an ethnic and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel. They devised the time system we use today with its 60-second minutes and 60-minute hours. Originally from a small part of southern Babylonia near the head of the Persian Gulf, they were an aggressive tribe and completely controlled the country after 625 b.c . It will come.". WebThe Chaldeans are dreaded and feared; Their justice and authority originate with themselves and are defined only by their decree. by Jeffrey Kranz | Dec 29, 2013 | Bible Books. (Habakkuk 1:6-11 RSV). Second, the prophet reminds himself that God is the self-existent one because he uses a very special name for God. Jerome: "To its might and warlike boldness almost all the Greeks who have written histories of the barbarians, witness.". (Habakkuk 3:5-6 RSV). Its inhabitants are a few times referred to as Babylonians, but usually as Chaldeans. From there, they began to grow, gobbling up chunks of Assyrias holdings. (Habakkuk 1:12b RSV), "Now I understand why you are raising up the Chaldeans; it is your way of waking my people up to their folly, to their awful stupidity in turning away from you. WebHabakkuk 1:5-17 In the first chapter, the prophet Habakkuk was upset with God because He had made prophecies regarding where Judah's punishment would come fromfrom the Chaldeans. Now I want you to write it down and I want you to write it so plainly that anyone who reads it will be able to immediately tell the answer abroad, spread it all over the land." WebHabakkuk 1:5-17 In the first chapter, the prophet Habakkuk was upset with God because He had made prophecies regarding where Judah's punishment would come fromfrom the Chaldeans. The Chaldeans were an ethnic group that lived in Mesopotamia in the first millennium B.C. Ur, modern Tall al-Muqayyar or Tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq, important city of ancient southern Mesopotamia (Sumer), situated about 140 miles (225 km) southeast of the site of Babylon and about 10 miles (16 km) west of the present bed of the Euphrates River. And finally, if you have not come to an answer, leave the rest with faith in God and ask him to show it to you. There are only two attitudes by which we can face life. Then God goes on to state a principle that is quoted three times in the New Testament and forms the basis for the greatest movements that God has ever had among human beings. The Chaldeans are defined as a proto-Assyrian culture and civilization that affected the formation of the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires. Moses: The Old Testaments Greatest Prophet. The Babylonians built their cities with bloodshed, but their work will be for nothing (Hab 2:1213). The great name that God revealed to Moses when he was in Egypt. Why then do you tolerate the treacherous? My God is not one of these localized tribal deities. WebHabakkuk 1 New American Standard Bible Chaldeans Used to Punish Judah 1 The pronouncement which Habakkuk the prophet saw: 2 How long, Lord, have I called for help, And You do not hear? O Lord, how long shall I cry for help, and thou wilt not hear? Does it mean that he is some sort of a fearsome being and that we had better be careful not to get too close to him because he is holy? Every one of us is named Habakkuk and each of us faces this problem from time to time. Habakkuk speaks of Babylons fall: an event which the prophet Daniel witnesses. 3 Why do You make me see disaster, And make me look at destitution? It would be like the United States achieving the power it had after World War II before the year 1800. With respect to the whole passage Habakkuk 1:6-11, Kleinert well remarks, "The present passage is the locus classicus for the characteristics of this warlike people, just as Isaiah 5:26 seq. Only two times, Chaldeans is used in the meaning Babylonians (Dan. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. They are called "hasty," as being vehement and impetuous in attack and rapid in movement. This is what bothers many people as they look at what is happening in the world. WebThe Chaldeans were West Semite speaking people who migrated from the Levant into Mesopotamia during the 9th, 10th Century BCE. We shall not die. 15 The wicked foe pulls all of them up with hooks, he catches them in his net, he gathers them up in his dragnet; and so he rejoices and is glad. Certainly, the rapidity with which Babylon rose from the position of an Assyrian colony to that of ruler of Asia was marvellous. Babylon in 555 BC came under the control of a king loyal to the Assyrians, Nabonidus (555-539 BC), who attacked Babylonian culture at its heart: he placed the Assyrian moon-god, Sin, above the Babylonian's principal god, Marduk, who symbolized not only the faith of Babylon but the very city and people itself. The prophet says (verse 5, 6): Before him went pestilence, and plague followed close behind, He stood and measured the earth; he looked and shook the nations; then the eternal mountains were scattered, the everlasting hills sank low. Now at the time Habakkuk wrote, the Chaldeans were not an important people.
The Canaanites were residents of the Levant (modern-day Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel and Palestine) during the Bronze Age, starting about 4,000 years ago.
Or cry to thee "Violence!" (Hebrews 1:10-12) Jesus Christ, the same yesterday, today and forever. Habakkuk is the eighth of the Minor Prophets, the last 12 books of the Old Testament. It's a site that collects all the most frequently asked questions and answers, so you don't have to spend hours on searching anywhere else. Jesus name in Hebrew was Yeshua which translates to English as Joshua. They think they can live without you, and yet how many times have you sent prophets to them, pleading, begging and reminding them of your word? 2 Samuel 1:23). We ask that you will make us to live this way -- not somehow, but triumphantly. These people are a very strange people. The Babylonians crafted idols and then called on them, but all the earth will be silent before the Lord (Hab 2:1820). Logos Bible Software 10 review: Do you REALLY need it? were, in fact, as legitimate descendants of the people of Nimrods empire as we are of the Saxons. Our Father, thank you for this revelation of the great truth we find running throughout the Scriptures, that you are the God of history. He is from the beginning and he is at the end. It will never work. The prophet is reminding himself of that, in the face of this fearsome threat. And he pronounces five woes on these people (verse 6): Woe to him who heaps up what is not his own (Habakkuk 2:6b RSV)[Woe to the man who lives by the philosophy, I will get everything I can and it doesn't matter how I do it. Answer. He complains that vengeance should be executed by them who are far worse. They are called "hasty," as being vehement and impetuous in attack and rapid in movement. Wait There Were How Many Herods?! ], Woe to him who gets evil gain for his house, to set his nest on high, to be safe from the reach of harm! It does not seem to make sense, and the instruments he chooses are sometimes so out of the ordinary. All before it, is one wide even plain which it overspreads and covers, like a flood, and yet is not spent nor exhausted.