[15] It has highest frequency in northern (29.1%) and central (23.6%) region, and almost the same frequency in eastern (18.6%), southern (19.1%), and western (20%) region of Croatia. WebThe definition of Croatian ethnogenesis begins with the definition of ethnicity, [1] according to which an ethnic group is a socially defined category of people who identify with each other based on common ancestral, social, cultural or other experience, and which shows a certain durability over the long period term of time. [88] As such, Croatian name would not be an ethnonym, but a social designation for a group of elite warriors of diverse origin which ruled over the conquered Slavic population on the Avar Khaganate's boundary,[88][83][76] the designation eventually becoming an ethnonym[88] imposed to the Slavic groups. WebThe data from Y-DNA and autosomal DNA suggests that the Croats mostly are descendants of the Slavs from medieval migration period, according to mtDNA have genetic diversity which fits within a broader European maternal genetic landscape, and overall have a uniformity with other South Slavs from the territory of former Yugoslavia . [21] The haplogroup G could have been present in Europe during the LGM or population with some of its subclades arrived with early farmers. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [46] The ethnonym Hrvat was derived from the Germanic-Gothic Hrthgutans, the hr (victory, glory) and gutans (common historical name for the Goths). The results until now indicate that the genetic flow and influx of women to the islands was limited. WebAl Christy - actor. It would be worthwhile to add that the Croatian national flag is derived from the chessboard, thus some nationalist historians consider Croatians the descendants of Bozorgmehr, the chess master and minister of the Sassanid era. Croatians are very proud of their food, and so they should be. WebCroatians and Bosnians are European slavic people, not Iranian people. [54] The Slavic-Iranian cultural interrelation was pointed out by modern ethnologists, like Marijana Gui who in the ritual Ljelje noticed the influence from Pontic-Caucasian-Iranian sphere,[55][56] Branimir Gui,[56] and archaeologists Zdenko Vinski and Ksenija Vinski-Gasparini. [1] Haplogroup F which is almost absent (only 0.2-0.4% in the mainland), but peaks at 8.3% in Hvar. Croatians are very proud of their food, and so they should be. [53], Haplogroup K (7.5% in 2020[54]) has average frequency of 3.6% in the mainland and 6.3% in the coast, it is absent in Lastovo[53] and it has lowest frequency in the islands Cres (3.36%)[56] and Hvar (3.7%), while highest in the island Bra (9.5%). [14] John Skylitzes in his work Madrid Skylitzes identified Croats and Serbs as Scythians. [41] R-M558 subclade CTS1211 was also found among Hungarian conquerors which indicates mixing and assimilation of the Slavs among the Hungarians. WebCroatians were palace guards to the Caliphs of Moslem Spain in 1000 - 1200 A.D. and palace guards to the kings of France. [15], The Croatian ethnonym Hrvat, as well of those five brothers and sisters and the early ruler Porga, are often not considered to be of Slavic origin, yet again, are quite original to be a pure fabrication of Constantine VII. The results indicate that the nucleus of the early Croat state in Dalmatia was of Slavic ancestry, which arrived from the area somewhere in Lesser Poland probably along the direct route Nitra (Slovakia)-Zalaszabar (Hungary)-Nin, Croatia, and gradually expanded into the continental hinterland of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the 10th century, however, by the end of the 11th century did not in continental Northern and Eastern Croatia where were distinguished from Bijelo Brdo cultural cluster. [12] The highest frequency in Croatian mainland has been found in Varadin (16%) and umberak (18.2%)[15][16] in central islands Dugi Otok (15.9%) and Ugljan (13.2%), as well southern islands Vis (23.4%) and Mljet (15.4%). [15][71] This is further substantiated by the fact that this story is very similar to other adaptations of Herodotus (IV 33.3) "the Croatian migration did not take place, but Constantine Porphyrogenitus created it relying on the literary models traditionally applied to described the Landnahme of Scythian Barbarians. [56] In islands Mljet and Lastovo is between 4.4 and 5.9%, while in Dubrovnik is almost absent (0.6%).
The traditions of Central Europe and the Mediterranean are very much alive in the kitchens of Croatia. [20] This cultural and romanticist idea was especially promoted by the national Illyrian Movement and their leader Ljudevit Gaj in the 19th century. (2014), Principal component (PC) analysis of the variation of autosomal SNPs in Western Balkan populations in Eurasian context per Kovaevi et al. [88] Pohl noted that the Kronsteiner's merit was that, instead of the previously usual "ethnic" ethnogenesis, he proposed a "social" one. Jay Grdina pornographic film actor. WebThe descendants of Kroat (Croatan) Indians still live in the USA. . [27][31] One of the main difficulties with the Pan-Slavic theory was the Croatian ethnonym which could not be derived from the Slavic language. (2015). [44][45][46], In the 2014 Y-DNA and mtDNA study, one Mesolithic sample dated 6080-6020 BCE from Vela Spila near Vela Luka on island Korula belonged to mtDNA haplogroup U5b2a5 common in hunter-gatherer communities, while other eleven Neolithic Starevo culture samples dated circa 60005400 BCE from Vinkovci were assigned haplogroups J1c, K1a, T2b, HV0, K, V, V6, which reveal similar mtDNA diversity and shared ancestry in early farming populations from the Pannonian Basin and the populations of the Central European LBK, accompanied by a reduction of the Mesolithic mtDNA substratum. [10][15][16] In Bosnian Croats, the frequency is similar to those of other South Slavs (12%). [17][18] It is divided in two major subdivisions - subclade I2 (37.7%), typical for the populations of the Balkans and Eastern Europe, and I1 (5.8%), typical for the populations of Scandinavia. [15] It developed among the Dalmatian humanists,[20] and was also considered by early modern writers, like Matija Petar Katani, Mavro Orbini and Pavao Ritter Vitezovi. The regional influences are embraced instead of being resisted, with little dabs of Croatian class added to great effect. [13], The old historical sources do not give an exact indication of the ethnogenesis of these early Croats. [113], The anthropological and craniometric data is in correlation with the historical sources, including an account from DAI that a part of the Dalmatian Croats split off and took rule of Pannonia and Illyricum, as well other archaeological findings which imply that early Croats did not initially settle in Lower Pannonia and that the splitting off was related to the political rule rather than ethnic origin. In the Bronze Age happened symbiosis between Proto-Indo-Europeans of Kurgan culture and autochthonous populations, leading to the formation among others also of Proto-Illyrians. [105][106] It also considered the Turkic origin of Bosnian polity, which is viewed as an attempt of popularisation of links between Bosnian Muslims with Turkey. WebCroatian emigrants and their descendants - gov.hr Croatians living abroad Croatian emigrants and their descendants Croatian diaspora What is typical of all Croatian emigrantswhether they live overseas or in immediate vicinity of their homelandis that they want to cooperate with their homeland. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Croats originate from northwestern Iran and spoke a language related to Iranian. [1] Preliminary results from 2016 mtDNA study, which will approximately include 30 samples from Neolithic and 5 samples from Early to Late Bronze Age, on 5 ancient Croatian petrous bones (3 Neolithic Cardial Impresso from Zemunica Cave near Bisko, 1 Middle Neolithic Danilo culture from Zidana Cave near Staniii umberaki, 1 Mid/Late Bronze Age from Jazinka Cave near Neven) indicated mtDNA haplogroups K2 and K1b1a, H1e/H41, H1b for Neolithic samples similar to Early European Farmers (EEFs) and modern Sardinians and Southern Europeans, while haplogroup HV or H4 for Bronze Age sample similar to modern day Croatian and Balkan population, but without clear evidence for connection with the Indo-European migration. [27] However, STR-based calculations give overestimated dates,[28][29] and more specifically, the cluster is represented by a single SNP, I-PH908, known as I2a1a2b1a1a1c in ISOGG phylogenetic tree (2019), and according to YFull YTree it formed and had TMRCA approximately 1,850-1,700 YBP. [42], The highest frequency of the haplogroup Haplogroup R1b (7.9%-9.1%), which in Croatia is divided into several subclades (mainly R-L23 and its subclade R-U152), has in northern (10.9%) and central (11.8%) region of Croatia,[14] while locally in the Croats from the island of Krk (16.2%) and Dugi Otok (25%),[10][15] and umberak (11.3%),[15] while in the southern islands, city of Dubrovnik (3.9%) and in Bosnian Croats it is almost absent (1-6%),[10][13][15][16] or like in Osijek it was not found. [20] The subclade's I-P37.2 very high frequency in the Western Balkans diminishes in all directions. English; ronald reagan quote 9 scariest words; hobby lobby 50th anniversary gifts [115][116] The distribution, variance and frequency of the I2 and R1a subclades (>60%) among Croats are related to the medieval Slavic expansion, probably from the territory of present day Ukraine and Southeastern Poland. 2021. sfn error: no target: CITEREFarac_et_al.2016Supplementary_Table_9. Croatian Galleons were in regular trade with Spain, Portugal, France, England, Itlay, and the Ottoman Turks prior to the discovery of America. (2015), Genetic structure within European context according to three genetic systems atDNA (A), YDNA (B) and mtDNA (C) per Kushniarevich et al. [13] Subclades of J1 are rare in Croatia, while J2 are higher in Croats from Croatia, peaking in Croats from Osijek (10.2%) and central islands Ugljan (10.2%) and Paman (16.6%) as well the northern island of Krk (10.8%) and Cres (14.1%),[10][13][15] than in Bosnian Croats (both 1.1%). [53], Haplogroup W frequency in the mainland and coastal population is between 2.2 and 4.2%, while between insular populations 1.9-3.1%, with exception in Krk (7.5%),[57] and Cres (12.6%). [14] The highest local frequency of R1a1a1-M17 was observed in the Croats from Varadin (38%) and Osijek (26-39%),[13][16] umberak (34.1),[15] and in the middle-northern islands of Dugi Otok (34.1%), Krk (37%), Paman (38%) and Cres (56.6%),[10][15] being similar to the values of the other Slavs, like Slovenes, Czechs and Slovaks. [37] A revision of the theory, developed by Ivan Mui,[33] argues that Slavic migration from the north did happen, but the actual number of Slavic settlers was small and that the autochthonous ethnic substratum was prevalent in the formation of the Croats, but that contradicts and doesn't answer the presence of predominant Slavic language.
Unusually for European populations, another central Asian-Siberian haplogroup P (i.e. [122] Based on autosomal IBD survey the speakers of Serbo-Croatian language share a very high number of common ancestors dated to the migration period approximately 1,500 years ago with Poland and Romania-Bulgaria clusters among others in Eastern Europe. [86][87] He initially shared the Bury's opinion on the Kubrat's and Chrobatos' name and legends, and the mention of two sisters interpreted as additional elements which joined the alliance "by the maternal line", and noted that the symbolism of the number seven is often encountered in the steppe peoples. The one Roman period individual from 260 to 402 CE, "who may or may not be representative for the wider population in that time period", had autosomal genetic combination very similar to present-day Southeastern Europeans (including Croats), "adding an important data point to the substantial shift in ancestry that occurred in the region between the Bronze Age and today". [4][5] They belonged to the Middle Copper Age Lasinja culture, and autosomally 70% of them weren't in close kinship implying "a community composed of many family groups". It would be worthwhile to add that the Croatian national flag is derived from the chessboard, thus some nationalist historians consider Croatians the descendants of Bozorgmehr, the chess master and minister of the Sassanid era. [13] E-V13 it's typical of the populations of south-eastern Europe, peaking among Kosovo Albanians (44%), and is also high among the Macedonians, Greeks, Romanians, Bulgarians and Serbs. [50] The theory is further explained with the Avar's destruction of Antes tribal polity in 602, and that the early Croats migration and subsequent war with Avars in Dalmatia (during the reign of Heraclius 610-641) can be seen as a continuation of the war between Antes and Avars. [35][37] The earliest archeogenetic sample until now is Sungir 6 (~900 YBP) near Vladimir, Russia which belonged to the I-S17250 > I-Y5596 > I-Z16971 > I-Y5595 > I-A16681 subclade. In the case of the present-day Croatian nation, several components or phases influenced its ethnogenesis: The mention of the Croatian ethnonym Hrvat for a specific tribe before the 9th century is not yet completely confirmed. [20], According to the autochthonous model, the Slavs homeland was in the area of former Yugoslavia, and they spread northwards and westwards rather than the other way round. Jay Grdina pornographic film actor. According to Josip Cuculis letter, the above book also stated that a ship came near the Hatteras Horn in 1541 but broke against the reefs and the shipwreck victims went ashore. According to Josip Cuculis letter, the above book also stated that a ship came near the Hatteras Horn in 1541 but broke against the reefs and the shipwreck victims went ashore. The frequency is lower in okci from eastern Croatia (16%),[17][18] in the city of Dubrovnik (13.4%) and Split (19%) in Dalmatia, as well on the southern islands of Hvar (8-10.58%) and Vis (17%). WebCroatian emigrants and their descendants - gov.hr Croatians living abroad Croatian emigrants and their descendants Croatian diaspora What is typical of all Croatian emigrantswhether they live overseas or in immediate vicinity of their homelandis that they want to cooperate with their homeland. [67], Admixture analysis of autosomal SNPs in a global context on the resolution level of 7 assumed ancestral populations per Kovaevi et al. [39] However, this theory has been scientifically discredited and rejected. Those in this situation should have a right to apply for citizenship. [15] Based on 8 STR marker genetic distances closest are populations of near countries, but also depending on method, Belarus, Slovakia, Poland and Russia. [13] Subclade G2a-P15 both in Croatian and Bosnian Croats is found in low numbers (1.1%),[13] but peaks locally in the north-eastern town of Osijek (13.8%),[13] and the southern islands of Mljet (15.4%), Korula (10.4%), Bra (6%) as well northern island Cres (7%). [57], Haplogroup V (under HV > HV0) is a younger sister clade of haplogroup H,[53] and has almost the same minimum and maximum frequency (4-5.7%) in both continental and insular populations, with exception in Korula (8.2%),[57] as well lower frequency in Mljet (1.5%), Lastovo (2%) and Dubrovnik (3.3%). Croatians now follow a unique, and slightly complex structuring, lettering, naming custom and composition, which is similar to most of the European naming systems. [15] Similarly Henry Hoyle Howorth asserted that the White Croats were a Bulgar warrior caste to whom was given land in the Western Balkans due to expulsion of the Pannonian Avars following the revolt of Kubrat against the Avar Khaganate. Even the given names list has expanded to include borrowed names from all over the world. [59] There they belonged to the Antes tribal polity until the Antes were attacked by the Avars in 560, and the polity was finally destroyed 602 by the same Avars. While in 1991 some 8,800 Croats were living in Kosovo, by 1998 the number had [14][15][16], Haplogroup I among Croats from Croatia is around 43.5%,[14] while in okci, a subgroup of Croats from eastern Croatia, is between 44% and 50% of the same haplogroup. 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[53], Haplogroup J is the third most frequent haplogroup (7.5% in 2020[54]), with 11.9% in the mainland but only 3.1% in the coast, however the islands had higher frequencies than the coastal population Korula (6.1%), Bra (8.6%), Krk (9%), Hvar (9.3%),[57] peak in umberak (12.34%)[58] and Lastovo (19.6%),[53] while in Cres is almost totally absent. Claire Dubrey actress (father was from Dalmatia) Jenna Elfman television and movie actress (of partial Croatian descent; niece of Tony Butala) Judah Friedlander actor and comedian (mother of Croatian descent) Mira Furlan television and film actress. [15] Similarly, Thomas the Archdeacon in his work Historia Salonitana mentions that seven or eight tribes of nobles, which he called "Lingones", arrived from Poland and settled in Croatia under Totila's leadership. It is a national reference DNA database of 17 loci system which acquired Y-STR haplotypes were predicted in estimated (over 90% probability) Y-SNP haplogroups. Claire Dubrey actress (father was from Dalmatia) Jenna Elfman television and movie actress (of partial Croatian descent; niece of Tony Butala) Judah Friedlander actor and comedian (mother of Croatian descent) Mira Furlan television and film actress. Webnew york times higher education reporter . There are many Paleolithic period sites located in the territory of Croatia, mostly ascribed to the Mousterian phase in the Middle Paleolithic period. Comparison to the Scythian-Sarmatian sites did not reveal significant similarity in cranial morphology, nor was supported the idea of the Avar frontiersmen. [107] According to the 1998-2004 craniometric studies done by Mario laus of medieval Central European archaeological sites, four Dalmatian and two Bosnian sites clustered with Polish sites, two Continental Croatia (Avaro-Slav) sites were classified into the cluster of Hungarian sites west of the Danube, while the two sites from the Bijelo Brdo culture were into the cluster of Slav sites from Austria, the Czech Republic, and Slovenia. [31][40] In 1102, Croatian Kingdom entered a personal union with Kingdom of Hungary. WebStavemakers gather Croatians in Alabama Croatian immigrant John Erzen with accordion / Alice and John Pezent in their latter years Over 80 descendants of the Erzens, Turks, Pezents and Pongeraytors pose for a reunion photo on the porch of the Clarke County Museum in Grove Hill Saturday. Thus, the Croatian flag is based on the chessboard, whence many Croatian historians consider Croats as eponymic descendants of the Sassanid chess master & minister Bozorgmehr, just as the Kambojas are eponymic descendants of Cambyses and Georgians are viewed as the eponymic descendants of King George II. [55] In the 2014 mtDNA PCA analysis, the populations from eastern and southern Croatia clustered together with Bosnia and Herzegovina, while western and northern Croatia with Slovenia.
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